How do you quantify the energy storage potential of load control?

To continue the energy storage device analogy discussed in the introduction, one can quantify the storage potential of this type of load control by computing the maximum cumulative energy consumed before or after it would have been in steady state conditions.

Can thermostatically controlled loads serve as virtual storage devices?

This paper demonstrates that populations of thermostatically controlled loads can be collectively managed to serve as virtual storage devices that follow variability in generation from renewable electricity generators (or in demand from other loads).

How do energy management systems work?

Coordination of multiple grid energy storage systems that vary in size and technology while interfacing with markets, utilities, and customers (see Figure 1) Therefore, energy management systems (EMSs) are often used to monitor and optimally control each energy storage system, as well as to interoperate multiple energy storage systems.

What are the different types of energy storage applications?

Energy storage applications can typically be divided into short- and long-duration. In short-duration (or power) applications, large amounts of power are often charged or discharged from an energy storage system on a very fast time scale to support the real-time control of the grid.

How do we control loads?

In contrast, the emphasis of this paper is on controlling loads to produce relatively short time scale responses (hourly to sub-hourly), and the control signal is applied by manipulation of temperature set points, possibly via programmable communicating thermostats or advanced metering infrastructure.

Do energy storage devices need a PCs?

The majority of energy storage devices employ a direct current (DC) interface. Therefore, a PCS is required to integrate with the alternating current (AC) power grid. The purpose of the PCS is to provide bi-directional conversion and electrical isolation.